Despite their defeat at Ayn Jalut, the Mongols were not entirely driven from the region. Hulagu Khan’s successors continued to challenge the Mamluks, but the Mongols’ attempts to recapture the Levant and Egypt were unsuccessful. The Mamluks, under the leadership of Sultan Baybars (who succeeded Qutuz), were able to secure their position in Egyp

The Mamluks were a unique military caste in medieval Egypt. The term “Mamluk” comes from the Arabic word for "owned" or "slave," as the Mamluks were originally slave soldiers bought from various regions, including the Caucasus, the Balkans, and Central Asia. Over time, the Mamluks gained political power, eventually overthrowing the Ayyubid dyna

The 13th and 14th centuries were marked by some of the most significant military confrontations in history, particularly the series of encounters between the Mongol Empire and the Mamluks of Egypt. The conflict between these two powers—one a vast nomadic empire, the other a militarized slave soldier regime—shaped the political landscape of the

The political landscape of the medieval world was constantly evolving. Shifting alliances, the rise of powerful noble families, and the changing role of the Church meant that a king had to be adaptable in order to retain power. A ruler who could not navigate the political currents of their time risked being swept aside by more astute leaders. In